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-tem-I-N-e-®n-{X-th-Zn-bn-se-C-Xn-lm-k-k-am-\-\m-b-kw-hn-[m-b-I-ËCw-Kv-aá-_á-Kv-am-ËN-cn-{X-am-bn.-X-sÒan|-N-e-®n-{X-ª-fpw-]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-|p-I-bpw-Zoá-L-Im-e-am-bn-Xm-a-kn-®p-h-cn-I-bpw-sN-àp-Ð-kzo-U-\n-se-^m-tdm-Zzo-]nembncpÐp-A-Ìyw.-89h-b-üm-bn-cp-Ðp.-ss{I-kv-X-h-]p-tcm-ln-X-sÒ-a-I-\m-bn-1918-kzo-U-\n-se-D-Ô-k-e-bn-em-Wv-aqÐvv-Hm-kv-Im-dp-Iç-t\-Sn-b-N-e-®n-{X-Im-c-sÒ-P-\-\w.-F-ºp-h-b-üp-ap-Xã-Po-hn-Xm-Ìyw-h-sc-bpw-A-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp-Ðp.-kv-tâm-|v-tlmw-ká-h-I-em-im-e-bnã-km-ln-Xy-hn-Zymá-Yn-bm-bn-tNá-sÐ-©n-epw-ap-gp-h-Ëk-a-b-\m-S-I-{]-há-Ã-I-\pw-ssh-Im-sX-N-e-®n-{X-{]-há-Ã-I-\p-am-bn.-1946ã-B-Zy-Nn-{X-am-b-ss{I-kn-kv-’-]p-d-Ãp-h-Ðp.-k-Ûá-C-Òá-eyq-Uv-(1951),-k-Ûá-hn-Ãv-tam-Wn-|-(1953)-F-Ðn-h-tbm-sS-tem-Iw-{i-Ên-®-N-e-®n-{X-Im-c-\m-bn.-Zn-hná-Pn-Ëkv-{]n-Mv,-{Xq-F-Kvfm-kv-Umá-|v-en,-^m-\n-B-ËUv-A-e-Iv-km-¾á-F-Ðn-h-Hm-kv-Imá-t\-Sn.-Zn-sk-h-ËXv-koã,-ssh-Uv-kv-t{Sm-_-do-kv-F-Ðn-h-bm-Wv-hn-Jym-X-Nn-{X-ªç.-2003ã,-F-½-]-Ãn-\m-emw-h-b-ünã
km-dm-_-Îv-’-kw-hn-[m-\w-sN-bv-Xp.-X-sÒ-ap-ËNn-{X-ª-fnã-\n-sÐæmw-{]-ta-b-Ãn-epw-]-cn-N-c-W-Ãn-epw-Xoá-Ãpw-hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-óÐp-Cu-Nn-{Xw.-¡m-kn-Iv-Nn-{X-am-bn-I-W-|m-|-sÔ-SpÐ-sk-h-ËXv-koã]p-d-Ãn-d-ªn-b-Xn-sÒ-A-Ú-Xmw-hmá-jn-I-Ãn-em-Wv-kw-hn-[m-b-I-sÒ-A-Ìyw.-A-³p-X-h-W-hn-hm-ln-X-\m-bn.-A-h-km-\-sÃ-`m-cy-C-Ë{Kn-Uv-thm-Ëtdm-k-Ëkv-X\má-_p-Zw-_m-[n-®v-há-j-ªç-|p-ap-Úv-a-cn-®p.-”-am-Pn-Iv-em-tÒ-½-’-FÐ-_á-Kv-am-sÒ-B-Ç-I-Y-a-e-bm-f-Ãn-epw-{]-kn-Ê-sÔ-Sp-Ãn-bn-ºp-¾v.
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a-c-Ww-F-Ð-b-Ymá-Y{]-{In-b,-A-Xn-sÒ-Aá-Y-sÃ-|mç-\n-Kq-V-X-\n-d-¹-Xm-sWÐ--h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv-_á-Kv-am-ËX-sÒ-kn-\n-a-I-fn-eq-sS-A-\m-h-c-Ww-sN-bv-X-Xv.-Po-hn-X-Ãn-sÒ-bp-~n-]-c-am-b-hn-Im-k-am-bn-a-c-W-sÃ-hm-bn-s®-Sp-|m-ËX-\n-|m-hp-saÐ-v-1973se-Im-Ë]-{X-k-tÛ-f-\-Ãnãð-hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®-Xpw-Cu-\n-Kq-V-XsbA-`n-ap-Jo-I-c-n-®mbn-cn-|-Ww..--a-X-t{]m-~-am-b-C-ta-P-dn-I-fp-sS-bpw-B-Nm-c-a-cym-Z-I-fp-sS-bpw-Iq-sS-h-fáÐ-
-H-cp-Ip-ºn-|m-e-am-Wv-Cw-Kv-sa-dn-\v-eq-X-d-Ë]m-Xn-cn-bm-b-]n-Xm-hv-F-dn-Iv-_á-Kv-am-ËA-\p-h-Zn-®-Xv.-In-S-|-bnã-ap-èp-Ð-Xp-t]m-ep-è-I-Sp-Ã-’-Ip-â-ªç-|v-C-cp¾--t¡m-k-âp-I-fnã-]q-ºn-bn-Sp-Ð-Xp-am-Xn-cn-bp-è-in-¢-I-ç.-a-Xw,-k-Zm-Nm-cw,-]n-Xr-Xzw,-]u-c-Xzw,-]u-cp-jw,-ssew-Kn-I-X,-A-[n-Im-cw,-a-c-Ww-F-Ðn-h-bn-eq-sS-\n-î-_v-Z-hpw-\n-_n-U-hp-am-b-Z-Ì-tKm-]p-c-am-bn-_á-Kv-am-sÒ-a-\-üpw-i-co-c-hpw-]-S-cp-I-bpw-A-S-bp-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.-Iu-am-c-Ãnãð-\ná-_-Ïn-X-ssk-\n-I-hr-Ãn-bpw-Iq-Sn-th¾n-hÐ--A-tÉ-l-Ãn-\v-km-ln-Xy-Ãn-epw-I-e-bn-ep-ap-è-X-sÒ-_n-cp-Z-]-T-\w-]qá-Ãn-bm-|m-\m-b-Xp-anæ-.-km-Ìz-\-am-IpÐ--Xn-\p-]-I-cw-A-[n-Im-c-am-bm-Wv-aXw-_á-Kv-am-sÒtaã-\n-]-Xn-®-Xv.-AXn-\mã,-F-ºmw-h-b-ünã-X-sÒ-a-X-hn-izm-k-Ãnã-\nÐ-tÉ-lw-hn-ap-~-\m-bn-.-x
F©n-epw-A-Xv-kz-bw-a-\-ün-em-b-Xv-ap-Ô-tÃ-gv-há-j-ªç-|p-ti-jw-“hn-Òá-sse-ân-’-sÒ-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-th-f-bn-em-sW-Ðv-_á-Kv-am-Ë]-d-bp-Ðp¾v.--Po-hn-Xw-Hm-tcm-hy-~n-|pw-Zp-c-Ì-am-bn-Ão-cp-Ð-Xn-sÒ-Im-c-W-ªç-k-ap-Zm-b-Ãn-epw-A-Xn-sÒ-\n-b-a---k-Zm-Nm-c-kw-ln-X-I-fn-epw-kv-t\-l-\m-Sy-ª-fn-epw-ssh-cm-Ky-ª-fn-epw-B-tWm?-A-tXm-,-hy-~n-bp-sS-k-©oá-W-am-b-am-\-kn-I-Dç-\n-e-I-fnã-X-sÐ-bm-tWm-?-au-en-I-am-b-Cu-tNm-Zyw-_á-Kv-am-Ëa-\p-jy-Ip-e-tÃm-Sv—B-cm-¹p.-t]-Sn-kz-]v-\-ª-fpw-]-Iã-|n-\m-hp-I-fpw-hmá-[-Iy-hpw-a-c-W`o-Xn-bpw-\n-d-¹-F-gp-]-Ãm-dp-Im-c-\m-b-ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-s{]m-^-ká-sF-k-|v-t_má-Kn-sÒ-Hmá-a-I-fpw-]n-Ìn-cn-¹p-t\m-º-ª-fpw-sIm¾v-I-ep-j-hpw-A-Ú-c-Ôn-|p-Ð-Xp-am-bn-ÃoáÐ--kn-\n-a-bm-Wv-_á-Kv-am-sÒ“Im-ºp-Rm-hã-Ô-g-ªç-’-’-(ssh-Uv-kv-t{Sm-_-do-kv-).-hy-~n-Po-hn-X-Ãn-sÒ-ap-Jye-¢y-ª-sf-æmw-C-cp-ºn-te-|v-\o-ªpÐ-hmá[-Iy-Im-e-Ãv-Ip-ºn-|m-e-sÃ-Hm-tcm-kw-`-h-ª-fpw-A-Xo-h-hy-~-X-tbm-sS-bpw-kq-¢v-a-X-tbm-sS-bpw-sh-fn-hm-Ip-Ðó-{]-Xn-`m-k-am-Wv-Cu-kn-\n-a-bp-sS-ap-Jy-{]-Xn-]m-Zyw.-a-c-W-Ãn-sÒ-B-Çm-hp-am-bn-N-Xp-cw-Kw-I-fn-|p-Ðó-hn-{`m-a-I-am-b-“G-gmw-ap-{Z-’-(sk-h-ËXv-koã-)-bp-sS-C-Xn-hr-Ã-hpw-B-Jym-\-hpw-bq-tdm-Ôn-s\-am-{X-a-æ,—tem-I-sÃ-bm-sI-a-c-hn-Ôn-®p-\ná-Ãn.-“ssZ-h-Ãn-sÒ-\n-î-_v-Z-X’-F-óÐm-bn-cp-Ðp-{]-kn-Ê-am-b-“ssk-e-Ëkv-’-F-Ð-kn-\n-a-|v-Xp-S-|-Ãnã-_á-Kv-am-Ët]-cn-ºXv.-a-X-hn-izm-k-sÃ-|p-dn-®v-A-Km-[-am-b-kw-i-b-ªç-D--Ðbn-®Cu-Nn-{X-Ãn-eq-sS-c-¾mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-Ê-Ãn-sÒ-Xo-¢v-W-am-b-Zp-c-Ìm-\p-`-h-ª-fn-eq-sS-I-S-Ðp-t]m-b-bq-tdm-Ôn-s\A-tÉ-l-w-B-hn-jv-|-cn-®p.-A-hy-~-am-b-ö-e-Im-e-ªç,-ssk-Ët_má-Up-Iç-A-{]-Xy-¢-am-b-\-K-c-ho-Yn-Iç,-Hm-Sn-sbm-fn-|p-Ð-P-\-|q-º-ªç,-ssk-\n-I-Sm-©p-I-fp-sS-ap-cç-®-Iç-F-Ðn-h-bp-sS-]-ëm-Ã-e-Ãn-em-Wv-ssZ-h-sÃ-|p-dn-®p-è-X-sÒ-\n-jv-^-e-am-b-A-t\z-j-Ww-_á-Kv-am-Ë\-S-Ãp-Ð-Xv.-I-Sp-Ã-\n-b-a-ªfp-sS-C-cp-ºnãð-Po-hn-®n-cp-Ðó-Xp-sIm-¾m-I-Ww-_á-Kv-am-\pw-A-tÉ-l-Ãn-sÒ-{]n-b-sÔ-º-Om-bm-{Km-l-IË-skz-Ë\n-Iv-hn-kv-Xn-\pw-(Ign-¹sk-]v-Xw-_á-20\v-a-c-n-®p-)-sh-fn-®-tÃm-Sv-A-km-am-\y-Xmã-Ôcy-am-Wp-¾m-bn-cp-Ð-Xv.-CcphcpsS-bpw-N-e-®n-{X-Zr-iy-k-©ãÔ-ªç-|v-kzo-U-\n-se-C-cp-¾-ssi-Xy-Im-e-hpw-sh-fp-Ãp-Xp-Sp-Ã-th-\ã-|m-e-hpw-X-Ûn-ep-è-]m-c-kv-]-cy-am-bn-cn-|-Ww-A-Sn-Ã-d-]m-In-b-Xv.-sem-t|-j-Ëjq-ºnw-Kn-\pw-kzm-`m-hn-Ishfn-®Ãn—\pw-th-¾n-c¾-pt]-cpw-hm-in-]n-Sn-®n-cp-Ðp.-sse-ânªnã-h-cp-Ãp-Ð-sN-dn-b-am-â-ªç-t]m-epw-I-Ym-]m-{X-Ãn-sÒ-{]-I-S-\-sÃ-am-ân-a-dn-t®-|pw-FÐ--t_m-[yw-c-¾p-t]-cpw-]-©n-ºp.-“R-ªç-c-¾p-t]-cpw-Im-cy-ªç-H-tc-t]m-se-I-s¾-Sp-Ãp,-Im-cy-ªç-H-tc-t]m-se-hn-Nm-cn-s®-Sp-Ãp.-R-ª-fp-sS-sh-fn-®-sÃ-|p-dn-®p-è-[m-c-W-H-Ðp-X-sÐ-bm-bn-cp-Ðp.-Iym-a-d-F-hn-sS-hbv|-W-sa-Ð-Xn-s\-kw-_-Ïn-®p-è-R-ª-fp-sS-k-Zm-Nm-c-]-c-am-b-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpw-H-Ðp-X-sÐ-bm-Wv’(_á-Kv-am-Ë).-1982-“^m-\n-B-Ë-Uv-v-A-e-Iv-km-¾-dn-’-eq-sS-N-e-®n-{X-kw-hn-[m-\-Ãnã-\nÐv-kz-bw-hn-c-an-®-tÔmç-_á-Kv-am-Ë]-d-¹-Xn-Xm-bn-cp-óÐp-:-C-\n-Rm-Ëkn-\n-a-kw-hn-[m-\w-sN-àn-æ-tæm-F-tÐmá-Ãv-Nn-e-tÔmç-F-\n-|v-Zp-:-Jw-tXm-Ðpw.-skz-Ë\n-Iv-hn-kv-Xp-sam-Ãv-tPm-en-sN-àm-ËI-gn-bm-Ã-Xm-Wv-G-â-hpw-Iq-Sp-Xãð-\-jv-S-t_m-[w-D-ï¾m-|pÐ-ó-Im-cyw.-Im-c-Ww,-R-ªç-c-¾p-t]-cpw-H-tc-t]m-se-sh-fn-®-Ãn-sÒ-h-iy-X-bnã-a-\w-a-b-ªn-b-h-cm-bn-cp-Ðp’.--”a-Zy-hpw-a-b-|p-a-cp-Ðpw-A-an-X-am-bn-tk-hn-®v-\n-î-_v-Z-bm-b-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv-Rm-ËB-N-e-®n-{X-{]-Zá-i-\-im-e-bnãð-\n-Ðv-]p-d-Ãp-I-S-Ð-Xv.-F-sÒ-c-~-Ãn-sÒ-kn-c-I-fn-eq-sS-B-kn-\n-a-aá-Z-\m-Lm-X-ªç-\-S-Ãn-{]-h-ln-|p-I-bm-bn-cpÐp’—F-Ðm-Wv-“ssk-e-Ëkn-’-se-\-Sn-bm-bn-cpÐ-ó-Kyq-sW-en-Òv-t_mw-1949ð-B-Zy-am-bn-H-cp-_á-Kv-am-ËNn-{Xw-I-¾-tÔm-g-sÃ-A-\p-`h-sÃ-hn-h-cn-®-Xv.-am-\-hn-I-X-A-Xn-sÒ-G-â-hpw-kw-Lá-jm-Ç-I-am-b-Im-e-Ãn-eq-sS-I-S-óÐp-t]m-b-C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-âm¾-ïv-cq-]o-I-cn-s®-Sp-Ã-B-[p-\n-I-hy-~n-FÐ-ó-{]-Xn-`m-k-sÃ-A-]-{K-Yn-s®-Sp-|m-\pw-A-]-\ná-an-s®-Sp-|mIgnbpIbnæ\pw-_á-Kv-am-sÒ-kn-\n-a-Iç-a-\-ün-em--Tn-|m-sX-bpw-Bá-|pw-H-cp-Im-e-Ãpw-km-[y-am-IpI-bnæ.
tNá-só-©n-epw-ap-gp-h-Ëk-a-b-\m-S-I-{]-há-Ã-I-\pw-ssh-Im-sX-N-e-®n-{X-{]-há-Ã-I-\p-am-bn.-1946ð-B-Zy-Nn-{X-am-b-ss{I-kn-kv-’-]p-d-Ãp-h-óp.-k-Ûá-C-Òá-eyq-Uv-(1951),-k-Ûá-hn-Ãv-tam-Wn-|-(1953)-F-ón-h-tbm-sS-tem-Iw-{i-Ên-®-N-e-®n-{X-Im-c-\m-bn.-Zn-hná-Pn-Ëkv-{]n-Mv,-{Xq-F-Kvfm-kv-Umá-|v-en,-^m-\n-B-ËUv-A-e-Iv-km-ïá-F-ón-h-bv-|v-Hm-kv-Imá-t\-Sn.-Zn-sk-h-ËXv-koãð,-sshð-Uv-kv-t{Sm-_-do-kv-F-ón-h-bm-Wv-hn-Jym-X-Nn-{X-ªç.-2003ð,-F-½-]-Ãn-\m-emw-h-b-ünð,-km-dm-_-Îv-’-kw-hn-[m-\w-sN-bv-Xp.-X-sÒ-ap-ËNn-{X-ª-fnã\n-sÐæmw-{]-ta-b-Ãn-epw-]-cn-N-c-W-Ãn-epw-Xoá-Ãpw-hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-óp-Cu-Nn-{Xw.-¡m-kn-Iv-Nn-{X-am-bn-I-W-|m-|-sÔ-Sp-ó-sk-h-ËXv-koãð-]p-d-Ãn-d-ªn-b-Xn-sÒ-A-Ú-Xmw-hmá-jn-I-Ãn-em-Wv-kw-hn-[m-b-I-sÒ-A-Ìyw.-A-ôp-X-h-W-hn-hm-ln-X-\m-bn.-A-h-km-\-sÃ-`m-cy-C-Ë{Kn-Uv-thm-Ëtdm-k-Ëkv-Xm-\má-_p-Zw-_m-[n-®v-há-j-ªç-|p-ap-Úv-a-cn-®p.-”-am-Pn-Iv-em-tÒ-½-’-F-ó-_á-Kv-am-sÒ-B-Ç-I-Y-a-e-bm-f-Ãn-epw-{]-kn-Ê-sÔ-Sp-Ãn-bn-ºp-ïv.hn-izm-k-Ãn-sÒ-{]-l-c-ªç-Pn]ncm-a-N-{Î-Ëa-c-Ww-F-ó-b-Ymá-Y{]-{In-b,-A-Xn-sÒ-Aá-Y-sÃ-|mç-\n-Kq-V-X-\n-d-¹-Xm-sW-ó-h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv-_á-Kv-am-ËX-sÒ-kn-\n-a-I-fn-eq-sS-A-\m-h-c-Ww-sN-bv-X-Xv.-Po-hn-X-Ãn-sÒ-bp-~n-]-c-am-b-hn-Im-k-am-bn-a-c-W-sÃ-hm-bn-s®-Sp-|m-ËX-\n-|m-hp-sa-óv-1973se-Im-Ë]-{X-k-tÛ-f-\-Ãnð-hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®-Xpw-Cu-\n-Kq-V-XsbA-`n-ap-Jo-I-c-n-®m—bn-cn-|-Ww.--a-X-t{]m-~-am-b-C-ta-P-dn-I-fp-sS-bpw-B-Nm-c-a-cym-Z-I-fp-sS-bpw-Iq-sS-h-fá-ó-H-cp-Ip-ºn-|m-e-am-Wv-Cw-Kv-sa-dn-\v-eq-X-d-Ë]m-Xn-cn-bm-b-]n-Xm-hv-F-dn-Iv-_á-Kv-am-ËA-\p-h-Zn-®-Xv.-In-S-|-bnã-ap-èp-Ð-Xp-t]m-ep-è-I-Sp-Ã-’-Ip-â-ªç-|v-C-cp-¾-t¡m-k-âp-I-fnð-]q-ºn-bn-Sp-Ð-Xp-am-Xn-cn-bp-è-in-¢-I-ç.-a-Xw,-k-Zm-Nm-cw,-]n-Xr-Xzw,-]u-c-Xzw,-]u-cp-jw,-ssew-Kn-I-X,-A-[n-Im-cw,-a-c-Ww-F-Ðn-h-bn-eq-sS-\n-î-_v-Z-hpw-\n-_n-U-hp-am-b-Z-Ì-tKm-]p-c-am-bn-_á-Kv-am-sÒ-a-\-üpw-i-co-c-hpw-]-S-cp-I-bpw-A-S-bp-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.-Iu-am-c-Ãnð-\ná-_-Ïn-X-ssk-\n-I-hr-Ãn-bpw-Iq-Sn-th¾n-h-Ð
-A-tÉ-l-Ãn-\v-km-ln-Xy-Ãn-epw-I-e-bn-ep-ap-è-X-sÒ-_n-cp-Z-]-T-\w-]qá-Ãn-bm-|m-\m-b-Xp-an-æ.-km-Ìz-\-am-IpÐ-Xn-\p-]-I-cw-A-[n-Im-c-am-bm-Wv-aXw
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