-
kwkvImcªãXÛnepèkwLájhpw
hwiobmkaXzÃnsÒ ISpà A\oXnIfpamWv
tUmdnkv seünªnsÒ apJy{]tabw.
HÔw hy~nkÃbnãsÐbpèsshcpÊyªfpw
hy~na\üm¢nbpw s]mXp\Ñbpw
XÛnepè sshcpÊyhpw tUmdnknsÒ
cN\bnã kPohambn ISÐphcpÐp.
2007se s\mt_ãkÛm\Ãn\álbmbnÃoáÐ
CwKvfojv IYmIrÃv tUmdnkv seünªnsÒ
IYmkmlnXysà Cu ho¢WÃnsÒ
]cn[nbnãhnebncpÃmsaÐv tXmÐpÐp.
tUmdnkv seünªv t]ájybnãP\n®v
B{^n|bnãXsÒ kmlnXy{]háÃ\w
Bcw`n®p. 1919 HIvtSm_á22Ðv
t]ájybnemWv tUmdnkv sabv sSbveá
FÐ Ipºn `qPmXbmbXv. AhfpsS c¢nXm|ç
c¾pt]cpw {_nºojpImcmbncpÐp.
HÐmwtemIbpÊÃnã Imen\v
]cnt|âv apSÌmb ]nXmhv CÚocnbã
_m©v Hm^v t]ájybnse Poh\|mc\mbncpÐp,
AÛ Hcp \gvkpw. 1925ã IpSpw _w
knw_mt_zbnte|v IpSntbdn. sdmtUjysbÐmbncpÐp
AÐv {_nºojvtImfWnbmbncpÐ knw_m_v
thbpsS t]cv. AhnsS tNmfw IrjnsNbvXv ]Ww kÚmZn|mËtamln®mbncpÐp
IpSntbâw. AÛknw_m_v thbnse apcÃ
AÌco¢tÃmSv s]sºÐnWªnsb©nepw
A°\v B {]tZisà Dçs|mèm\mbnæ.
IpSpw _w ssIhisÔSpÃnb BbncÃne[nIw
G|á hcpÐ `qkzÃv D]tbmKclnXambn
]cÐp\nÐp.
HÃncn ZpcnXªfpw CÃncn B\Îhpw
IeáÐ Hcp kÛn{iPohnXambncpÐp
tUmdnkv seünªnsÒ ssiih PohnXw.
ktlmZc\psamÃpè PohnXw kzm`mhnIhpw
B\Î]qáWhpambncpÐp. FÐmã
AÛbpsS Bhiyw aIç HcpÃakv{XobmhWsaÐXmbncpÐp.
AXn\\pkcn® \nbaªfpw Nºªfpw
PohnXNcyIfpamWv Ahá tUmdnkn\v th¾n
\nëbn®Xv. AXn\mbn tUmdnkns\ Hcp tIm½shÒnte|v
Ab®p. kzá£\cIªfpw ]oU\ªfpw
ssZhin¢bpambncpÐp I\ymkv{XoIfmb AÊym]nIamá
AhtfmSv \ncÌcambn ]d¹psIm¾ncpÐ
hnjbªç. a\pjyPohnXw ]oU\Ãn\v
am{XapèXmsWÐ [mcW ]nd|m\ncn|pÐ
alm{]Xn`sb hæmsX ]oUnÔn®ncn|Ww.
]nÐoSv Hcp tKçkv kv|qfnte|v amdnsb©nepw
tUmdnknsÒ hnZym`ymkw ]XnaqÐmw hbünã
Ahkm\n®p. Hu]NmcnIhnZym`ymkw e`n|mÃ
aâp ]ekv{XoIsfbpw t]mse tUmdnkpw kzbw
]mIsÔº Hcp a\ojnbmbncpÐp. AkÌpjvSamb
ssiihw IYmIrÃp|sf krjvSn|pÐpshÐv
tUmdnkv ]d¹nºp¾v. PohnXZpcnXªfnã\nÐpè
c¢bmWv ]eá|pw kmlnXycN\. AXn\mbn
Ahá]e amáKªfpw tXSpÐp.
AhbnsemÐmWv hmb\. Nmçkv Un|ËkntÒbpw
kvtImºv, dUymUv InÕnªv, ]nsÐ
ZkvXtbhvkvIn XpSªnbhcptSbpw IYIç
hgnbmWv tUmdnkv seünªv c¢sÔSpIbpw
kzbw \náÛn|pIbpw sNbvXXv. AÛbnã\nÐtIº
IYIfpw Ip¹\pP\v th¾n XmËXsÐ
sa\¹ IYIfpw w tUmdnknsÒ `mh\sb
hnIkzcam|n. AÛbnã\nÐpè]emb\saÐ
\nebnã, ]Xn\³mw hbünã
seünªv hoSv hnºp, Hcp ]cnNmcnIbpsS
sXmgnãt\Sn. sXmgnãsNàpÐ
hoºnã Ahá|v hmbn|phm\pè
[mcmfw Ahkcwe`n®p. B hoºnep¾mb
Hcp ]pcpjsÒ NnessewKnIhnIrXnIç|pw
seünªv hnt[bbmbn. CXn\nSbnã
AháIYsbgpXmËXpSªn. c¾pIYIç
Z¢nWm{^n|bnse Hcp amknIbv|v hnev|pIbpw
sNbvXp.
1937ã tUmdnkv kmenkv_dnbnã Hcp
sSent^m½ Hm]tdâdmbn sXmgnãkÚmZn®p.
Hcp hájw AhnsS tPmensNbvXp. ]sÃmÚXmw
hbünã {^m©v hnãk½
FÐbmsf hnhmlwsNbvXp. Cu hnhmlÃnã
tUmdnkn\v c¾v IpºnIfp¾mbn.
]t¢, Cu PohnXw XsÒ hy~nXzhpw kzmX{Ìyhpw
\nl\n|pÐpshÐ tXmÐenã AháIpSpw_
PohnX apt]¢n®p. A[nIw sshImsX tUmdnkv
kmenkv_dnbnse HcnSXp]¢ Iqºmbvabnã
HcwKambn. se^vâv _p|v ¡Øv
FÐmWnXnsÒ t]cv. ssIbnãInºpÐsXæmw
hmbn|pIbpw, hmbn|pÐXv A{Xhenb Hcp ImcysamÐpasæÐv
{]Jym]n|pIbpw sNbvX IayqWnkvâvImcmbncpÐp
Cu Iqºmbvabnep¾mbcpÐXv. Cu
Iqºmbvabnse apJy tI{Îw Kmºvss{^Uv
seünªv BbncpÐp. A[nIw sshImsX
tUmdnkpw seünªpw hnhmlnXcmbn. Ahá|v
Hcp aIË P\n®p. {ItaW AháIayqWnkvâvv
]máºnbnãAwKambn. 1954ã
]máºnbnã\nÐv Ahá
AIÐp. CXn\nSbnã 1949ã Aháe¾\nte|vXmakw
amânbncpÐp. C|meÃmWv tUmdnªv
{]Yat\mhã The Grass Is Singing FgpXnbXv.CtXmsS
Ahá {]ikvXbmbn.
{Kmkv Cukv knªnªv
{]Yat\mhãXsÐ tUmdnknsÒ kmlnXykao]\w
{]Jym]n|pÐXmbncpÐp. BÇIYm]chpw
B{^n|Ë A\p`hªç hnhcn|pÐXpambncpÐp
B IrXn. ssiihkvacWIfpw cmjv{Sob-kmaqlnICSs]SepIfpw
Fæmw tUmdnkv kmlnXycN\bpsS t{kmXüm|namân.
temIsÃhnsSbpapè asâæm
kmlnXyImcÑmtcbpw t]mse X\n|v Xo¢vWambn
A\p`hsÔº kmaqlnI-cmjv{Sqob{]iv\ªsf
Ahá [ocambn t\cnºp. Z¢nWm{^n|bnse
shèta[mhnXzÃnsÒ hÏyXbmWv
B{^n|Ë ]ëmÃeÃnsegpXnb
IrXnIfnã tUmdnkv XpdÐv ImWn|pÐXv.
The Grass Is Singing HcpXpS|w am{XambncpÐp.
A{iÊamb Ipd®v hm|pIç , Hcp
PohnXÃnep¾m|pÐ ]cnWXnIfmWv
]pænsÒ Km\ÃnepèXv.
knw_m_vthbnemWv t\mhense IYkw`hn|pÐXv.
shè|mcpw IdpÃhcpw XÛnepè
hwiobcmjv{SobamWv CXnse {]Xn]mZyw. shèta[mhnIç
]SpÃpbáÃnb Im]Syªsf
]dn®dnbpÐ CuIrXn, t\mhenkvâns\
Z¢nWm{^n|bnepw sdmtUjybnepw A\`naXbm|n.
Ahá\ntcm[\apè hntZinbmbn ap{ZIpÃsÔºp.
GImIn\nbmb tacn Hcp Znhkw kplrÃp|fpsS
Hcp kw`mjWw bmZrOnIambn tIç|m\nShcpÐp.
AXv tIç|pÐXv hsc kÌpjvSbmbncpÐp,
Ahç. XmË Hcn|epw hnhmlnXbmhnsæÐmWv
kplrÃp|ç AhsfÔân
kwkmcn®psIm¾ncpÐXv. AXv hsc
kÌpenXambncpÐ AhfpsS PohnXw CtXmsS
XInSw adnbpÐp. X\n|pw Hcp `áÃmhp¾mbmseÌm?
AhcmtemNn|pÐp. X\n|v ]ânb Hcmsf
Ahç tXSnÔnSn|pÐp. ITn\mÊzm\nbmb
Hcp IájIË, Irjn`qansb AIagn¹v
kvt\ln|pÐ Hcmç. hnhmlw ,]t¢,
henbZpcÌÃnemWv Iemin|pÐXv.
AkÌpjvSamb PohnX]ëmÃeÃnã\nÐv
hcpÐ tacn|v XmªmhpÐXmbncpÐnæ,
Un|v SáWdpsamÃpè PohnXw.
Ahç Fæmâns\bpw shdpÃpXpSªn;
hoºns\, tZihmknIsf, FÌn\v `áÃmhmb
Un|ns\tÔmepw Ahç|v kln|mXmbn.
kátêm]cn, ITn\amb DjvWhpw Ahkm\n|mÃ
GImÌXbpw Ahç|v AklyambnÃoáÐp.
hnhmlPohnXÃnã\nÐv {]Xo¢n®
kpc¢bpw ktÌmjhpw Hcn|epw e`n|pIbnsæÐv
Ahç|v a\ünembn. Iptdî Iptdîbmbn
Imew AhcpsS PohnXw Zpülam|namân.
tacnbpsS ho¢WÃnãamâap¾mtbm
FtÌm, {`mÌamb hwiobhmZÃnã\nÐv
tacn, Hcp sdmtUjyË IájIsXmgnemfnbmb
tamkkv FÐ \ot{Kmhpambn AhnlnXamb ssewKnIthgvNbnte|v
hgpXnhoWp. hn\miIcamb AÌyÃnte|pè
bm{XbmbncpÐp CXv. FÌmWv sNàpÐXdnbmsX
tacn, Hcp Znhkw, sshZypXn ^yqkv IÃn|pIbpw
AXv kvt^mSIamb ZpcÌambn amdpIbpw sNbvXp.
ZbmclnXhpw amcIhpamWv {Kmkv Cukv knªnªv
FÐ t\mhense IYbpw AXnsÒ BJym\hpw.
hÏyamb lqWkwkvImcÃns\Xncmb ISpÃ
B{IaWamWXv. `qansbtÔmse, BImisÃtÔmse
\¦amWv t\mhensÒ B{IaWw. hwita[mhnXzÃns\Xncmb
IYbmWXv, HÔw hy~nXzssiYneyÃnsÒ
thZ\mIcamb BJym\hpamWXv. tacnbptSbpw Un|v
SáWdptSbpw ]X\w hcm\ncn|pÐ bqtdm]yË]X\ÃnsÒ
ssZhXpeyamb {]hN\ambncpÐp. shèa\ünsÒ
ZuáØeyªtfbpw amen\yªsfbpw
]ânbpè AÆpXmhlhpw kvt^mSIhpamb
hnhcWªç kpe`amWv Cu IrXnbnã.
CXcIrXnIç
lnwkbpsS kÌXnIç (Children
of violence)
FÐ Hcp ]cÚc 1951-59 ImeÃv
tUmdnªv cNn®p. CXnse \mbnIbmb amáÃm
sIzkvâneqsS IpºnIfpsS t_m[\nehmcw
DbáÃpÐXn\pè ]cn{iaamWv
tUmdnªv \SÃpÐXv. ]nÐoSv
1962ã tUmdnªv XsÒ amkvâá
]okmb tKmçUË t\mºv _p|v cNn®p.
Hcp kv{XobpsS _lpapJamb hy~nkzXzªç
A\ymZriamb IchncptXmsS BhnjvIcn|pÐ IYbmWnXv.
AKm[amWv, ChnsS tUmdnªnsÒ Dç|mgvN,
hniZamWv AhcpsS AhcpsS hnhcWw. hniZmwiªfnse
[mcmfnÃw t\mhens\ karÊhpw kÚÐhpam|pÐp.
kzÌw XeapdbpsS ImepjyÃnã\nÐpw,
sshImcnIamb achnÔnã\nÐpw,
BÇh³\bnã\nÐpw c¢sÔSmË{ian|pÐ
AÐmhqç^nsÒ XpdÐ IYbmWnXv.
ZbmclnXamb kXykÏXbmWv CuIrXn|pèsXÐv
\ncq]IÑmá ]dbpÐp¾v.
AÐm hqç ^v ]pcpjtÒXv t]mepè
kzmX{ÌytÃmsS Pohn|m\mWv {ian|pÐXv.
A|mesà kv{XoIç Aªs\bmWm{Kln|pÐsXÐIs¾Ãã
X\n|v Gsd AÆpXIcambncpÐpshÐv
tUmdnªv ]dbpÐp¾v.
Cu t\mhensÒ cN\sbÔân seünªv
hniZambn ]dbpÐp¾v. AÐmhqç^v
FÐ FgpÃpImcnbpsS IYbmWnXv. \mev
t\mºv]pkvXIªfnembn AháXsÒ
PohnXIY Ipdn®nºncn|pIbmWv. Cu \mev
]pkvXIªfpw IqSn A³masXmÐnãka\z.bnÔn|m\pè
{iaÃn\nSbnã, Ahá AXnsÒ
{]Ya sk¢\v kzX{Ì kv{Xo (Free
Woman)FÐv \maIIcWw
sNàpÐp.; CtXmsS ]pkvXIw \membn
inYneamhpÐp. \mev t\mºv ]pkvXIªfpw
\membn tháXncn|pÐp; AXnã
ImeKW\sbmÐpanæ; kw`hªfpw Imehpw
]cvkv]cw IqSn|pgbpIbmWv. Hcp ]pkvXIw IdpÃ]pkvXIamWv;
AXnepèXv XsÒ Z¢nWm{^n|ËZn\ªfpsS
IdpÃkvarXnIfmWv. c¾matÃXv
sNaÐ ]pkvXIamWv; AXnemhnjvIcn|pÐXv
{_nºojvv IayqWnkvâv ]máºnsbÔânbpèXsÒ
A\p`hªfmWv. a¹ÔpkvXIÃnepèXv
kzÌw {]Wbhpw AXnsÒ ZpcÌhpamWv.\oeÔpkvXIÃnemItº,
XsÒ kvacWIfpw kz]v\ªfpw sshImcnIPohnXhpamWpèXv.
\mev ]pkvXIªfnepw IqSnbpèXv, Ahbnã
seünªv BhnjvIcn|pÐXv, hnhn[taJeIfnç
kv{XoIf\p`hn|pÐ BÇkwLájªfmWv.
sXmgnãcwKÃmhtº, AkaXzhpw
ZpcÌhpamWhç|pèXv; skIvknepw
{]WbÃnepw amXr`mhÃnepw, cmjv{SobÃnepsaæmw
k©oáWamWv kv{XobpsS \ne. Cu t\mhã
hgn tUmdnkv kv{XoPohnXÃnsÒ CXnlmkImcnbmhpIbmWvv.
ktÎltÃmsS, tcmjtÃmsS,
Zmái\nIssh`htÃmsS Hcp kv{Xo
hnOnÐamb Hcp kwkvIrXnsb kq¢va]cntim[\bv|v
hnt[bam|pIbmWv. tbmtKmÇIamb Dç|mgvNsbÐpw
BÌcnIZái\saÐpsaæmw
Cu t\mhense Zái\w hntijnÔn|sÔºnºp¾v.
GXv hniIe\Ãn\pw hgªpÐ RWpªv
cN\sbmÐpaæ, CXv. \ncq]IÑmá
kzbw Gev]n|pÐ cmPy`mcªfnã,
kmlnXyw hntijWªfpsS ]SpXnbnã s]ºpt]mhmdp¾v.
Aªns\ s]ºpt]mhmsX kmlnXysÃ,
AXnsÒ X\nabnã AdnbWsaÐpèhá
ká£cN\Iç kzÌambnÃsÐ
hmbnt|¾nhcpw. Aªns\ hmbn|ptÚmç
Hcp kv{XobpsS ]®bmb PohnXÃnsÒ
XnI®pw `uXnIamb Xeªfnepè hniIe\amWv
tase ]cntim[n® c¾v cN\Ifnepw DèsXÐv
ImWmw. IqºÃnã, Hºpw
A{][m\aæmsXXsÐ, shè ta[mhnIfpsS
hwiobat\m`mhÃns\Xncmb ISÐm{IaWhpamWhsbÐpw
ImWmw. AXn\Ôpdw GXáÄhpw
\ncq]IÑmá|v Cu cN\Ifnã
t\Smw, t\cnSmw. seünªnsÒ
IayqWnkvâ\p`hªç Cu ho¢Ww
hfcpÐXnã \náWmbIamb ]©v
hln|pÐp¾v; AtXmsSmÔw Ahá
kzbw t\cnº PohnXhpw.
kmlnXycN\IfpsS Hcp hkÌ{]hmlamWv tUmdnünsÒ
PohnXw. Briefing
for a Descent into Hell(
1971) FÐIrXn{]]³mÆpXªsfÔânbpè
^mÒknbmWv. Memoirs
of a Survivor(1974
kz]v\temIsà A\mOmZ\w sNàpÐp.tUmdnünsÒ
imkv{XIYIç AkvXnXzÃn\pth¾nbpè
Ipsd|qSn DÐXamb Xeªfnte|pè
At\zjWamWv. 1979apXã 1983 hscbpè
ImebfhnemWv imkv{XIYmkocokpIç Ahá
FgpXnbXv. Canopus
in Argos: Archives
FÐmWv Cu kocokv AdnbsÔSpÐXv.
1960Ifnã Hcp sNdnb kq^n Nmbvhv tUmdnksÒ
PohnXÃnep¾mhpÐp¾v.
hy~nbptSbpw kapZmbÃntÒbpw `mKt[bªçXÛnepè
_ÏadnbmsX BXyÌnIhntamN\w kmÊyasæÐ
k©ev]\w A\nhmcyambpw kq^nkamhWsaÐnæ.
The Good Terrorist
( 1985), The Fifth Child(1989),
sPbnwkv tkmtagvkv FÐ XqenIm\maÃnã
{]knÊw sNbvX The
Diary of a Good Neighbour, If the Old Could...
FÐnhbmWv tUmdnkv seünªnsÒ
{][m\amb t\mhepIç. ]q®IsfÔânbpw
{]WbsÃÔânbpw FgpXpÐtXmsSmÔw
BÇIYm]camb cN\Ifpw seünªv
\SÃnbnºp¾v.Nn{XImc\mb Nmáfo
AUvemUpambn tNásÐgpXnb Playing
the Game, kzÌw cN\Ifmb Going Home ,
In Pursuit of the English
FÐnhbpw tUmdnknsÒ {][m\cN\Ifnã
s]SpÐp. 1989\v tijw Ggv sImætÃmfw
tUmdnkv t\mhepIç FgpXnbnæ. 1996emWv
Love Again
FÐ t\mhã {]knÊoIrXamhpÐXv.
\mSIimJbnte|pw tUmdnkv kw`mh\Iç\evInbnºp¾v.
Play with A Tiger
and Other Plays
FÐ {KÍÃnã aqÐv
\mSIªfmWpèXv. 1997ã tUmdnkv
“The Marriages
Between Zones Three, Four and Five”
FÐt]cnãHcp HmsÔdm cNn®p.
AtXhájw HIvtSm_dnã, AhcpsS BÇIYbpsS
c¾mw hmfyamb Walking
in the Shade {]knÊoIrXambn.
“Mara and
Dann”FÐ
t\mhã 1999ã shfn®w I¾p.
AhmáUpIç
tUmdnkv seünªn\v e`n® AhmáUpIç|v
IW|næ. 1954ã A³v sNdpt\mhepIç
FÐ IrXn|v tkmaáskâv tamw
AhmáUve`n®p. Briefing
for a Descent into Hell FÐ IrXn
1971ã _p|áss{]kn\mbn tjmáSv
enkvâv sNàsÔºp.
1976ã tKmçUË t\mºv
_p|n\v {^³v {]nIvkv saUnkn AhmUv Inºn.
1981ãbqtdm#]yËkmlnXyÃn\pè
Bkv{XnbË tkvââv kÛm\hpw,
1982ã PáÛË s^Ucã
dn]Ùn|nsÒ tjIv kv]nbákÛm\hpw
tUmdnknÐmbncpÐp. CXn\Iw Ccp]Xntesd
AhmáUpIç Ahá|v e`n®nºp¾v.
. 88masà hbünemWv s\mt_ãkÛm\w
seünªns\ tXSnsbÃpÐXv.
öeImeªç|pw {]Xybimkv{Xkao]\ªç|pw
AXoXamb A{]Xo¢nXbm\ªfmWv tUmdnkv
seünªnsÒ IrXnIsfÐv
kzoUnjv A|mZan A`n{]mbsÔSpÐp.
ktÎlhpw t¢m`hpw Zmái\nIuÐXyhpamWv
tUmdnknsÒ cN\IfpsS apJap{ZIsfÐpw
kzoUnjv A|mZan Is¾ÃpÐp.
cmjv{Sob]¢]mXnXzÃn\v t]cv tIº
kzoUnjv A|mZan FÌpsIm¾v aât\Iw
{]Xn`mimenIsfsbÐt]mse seünªns\bpw
CXphsc ImWmXncpÐpshÐ tNmZyw hfsc
{]k~amWv.
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