---Nc-a-Ko-X-Ãnã sImèn-|m-hpÐ A¢-c-a-æ, “kn” AXnã \nÐv ]pdÃp ISÐv Aen-hmáÐv t\m|p-I-bpw, Xpf®p ImWp-Ibpw sNàp-sa-Ð-XmWv kn.-I-ÁsÒ {]-tXy-I-X. `qan-bpsS AcnIv ]ân, Ad-_n-|-S-ensÒ \nc-Ì-c-amb Cc-Ú-en-sÐm-Ôw, Hcp ]nSn Nmc-ambn “kn” ]cn-W-an-®p-shÐv Nqj-I-há-£-]-¢-]m-Xn-Iç|v Biz-kn|mw; ]pd-sa, BNm-c-]-c-amb Zp:Jw \Sn|mw; sNs©m-Sn-bpsS “]X-\”-ª-sf-Ôân I]-SZp;Jw ]d-bmw. HS-p-hnã acn®p Ign¹ “kn” bpsS hmbn-te|v kzÌw hmZ-ap-J-ªç Xncp-In-|-b-âmw. IÁsÒ {]öm\w sskÊm-Ìn-I-¢-b-hn-]-cy-b-ª-fnã s]ºp-t]m--bn-sbÐv Zo\-Zo\w hne-]n-|mw. Hcp thf t{^mbn-Un-bË t{^an-en-ºv IÁ-\n-sem-Sp-ªnb--kz-Im-cy-hn-Im-c-ªç t]mepw AO-kv^-Sn-I-kp-Xm-cy-ambn FgpXn s]men-Ôn-|mw; adp-hm-|p-I-sf-gpXn IÁË kzÌw {]öm-\-ÃnsÒ FXná-]-¢-Ãm-sWÐv hcp-Ãn-Ãoá|mw.

1910 apXã 2006 hsc-bpè sXmÁq-ân-bmdv sImæsà Pohn-X-ÃnsÒ AáÄ-hpw ka-c-Xo-¢vW-Xbpw kzÌw Xe-tbm-ºn-te-âp-hm-ªnb shSn-®o-fnsÒ I\hpw AÔq-ÔË XmSn-I-fmbn HSp-ªn-bn-sæ-Ð-dnbmË DbáÐ há£-t_m-[-ap-¾m-h-Ww. arXn-bpsS AXn-Yn-bm-bn-|-gn¹ Fæm Iayq-Wnkvâv t\Xm-|fpw Cu “kvt\l-]qá-Á-Füpw Fæm-hcpw C{]-Imcw Cc-I-fm-bn-tÔm-b-hcpsS Iqº-Ãn-em-Wv. Ccp-]-Ãn-\memw hb-ünã _oUn-sÃm-gn-em-en-I-tfbpw ]nÐoSv tXmºn-I-tfbpw ]nsÐ ]nsÐ Fæm sXmen-emen hn`m-K-ª-tfbpw kwL-Sn-Ôn-®-tÔmç, HÐpw \jvS-sÔ-Sm-\n-æmà \nkz-P-\-ª-fnã BÇ-t_m[w ]IáÐp \evIn-b-tÔmã, Cu há£-t_m-[-amWv IÁË Ah-cnã hfáÃn-b-Xv. “kn”(see) FÐmã ImWp-IsbÐpw, IÁË FÐmã Im-Wp-Ð-hË FÐpw BWv AáÄ-saÐv IÁ-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-Ðp. ImgvN-Iç I¾p \nÐmã t]mscÐpw Ah-bnse {Iqc-X-Iç|pw AáÄ-an-æm-bva-Iç|pw AdpXn hcp-Ã-W-saÐpw ]pXn-sbmcp temIw ]Sp-Ãp-bá-Ã-W-saÐpw IÁË Adn-¹p. ]pkvX-I-Ãnã-\n-Ðpè Adn-hn-t\-|mç Xo¢vW-amWv A\p-`-h-ÃnsÒ Adn-shÐv “kn” sXfn-bn-®p. t]mcmºw XtÒXp am{X-asæÐpw Nqjn-X-há£-ÃnsÒ apgp-hË t]mcm-º-am-sWÐpw Xncn-®-dn-¹-XmWv kn. IÁs\ hnÕ-h-Im-cn-bm-|n-b-Xv. AIn\v Hcp ]máºn thW-saÐpw AXnsÒ [mc-bnã Xm\pw Hgp-In-t®-c-W-saÐpw “kn”a\ün-em-|n. IÁsÒ Adnhpw IÁsÒ ka-chpw IÁsÒ ka-\z-bhpw IÁsÒ kl-\hpw Fæmw sXmgn-em-fn-há-£-Ãn-tÒXpw ]máºn-bp-tS-Xp-ambn amdn-bXv Aªn-s\-bm-Wv. IÁË IS-en-c-Ún-bXpw IÁË ae-I-b-dn-bXpw IÁË _oUn-bn-e-I-fnã ]qÃXpw Aªn-s\-bm-Wv. aqÃ-I-Xn-cpè hnf¹ Nncn-bm-bn-cpÐp kn.-I-Á-tÒ-Xv. \nÎn-X-cp-tSbpw ]oUn-X-cp-tSbpw t\Xm-hmbn Pohn-|p-Ð-Xn\v km[m-c-W-bnã Ihn¹ ssien-tbm, Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-ªtem thW-saÐv IÁ\v Hcn-|epw tXmÐm-Xn-cp-ÐXv AXp sIm¾m-bn-cp-Ðp. km[m-c-W-|m-cnã Hcp-h-\mbn Pohn-|p-Ibpw acn-|p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-Ð-XmWv, sImXn Xo¾msX acn-|p-hmË Ign-¹p-sh-Ð-XmWv IÁsÒ al-Ãzw.

sshcm-Ky-Ãn\pw t`mK-Ãn-\p-an-S-bnã Hcp aÊy-amá-£-amWv hnÕ-h-Im-cn-bp-tS-Xv. CXm-I-tº, _pÊsÒ coXn-bm-Wv. _pÊ\pw kln-|p-Ibpw s]mcp-Xp-Ibpw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-¾n-cp-Ðp.

kn.-I-ÁsÒ Nc-a-Ãnã XWã Hm½sseË AKm-[-ambn Zp:Jn|p-Ðp.

-F-Un-âá