(H-Ðv)
BapJw
]pe-b-Ômºv Hcp \nî-_vZ-I-em-]-ÃnsÒ IY-bm-Wv. Iem-]-Ãn\v lnwk-bpsS amá£w am{Xta ]mSp-èq-shÐ bmYm-ön-Xn-I-hn-Nm-c-Ãn\v \nc-|m-Ã-Xmhmw Cu NnÌ. kl\w, ka-c-ª-fpsS Gâhpw henb Hcp Xe-am-sW-Ð-dn-bp-tÚmç am{Xta Cu {]kvXmhw AwKo-I-cn-|-sÔ-Sp-I-bp-èq. háKk-a-c-Ãn\pw _m[-I-amWv Cu hnNm-cw. háK-k-a-c-sÃ-kw-_-Ïn® Gâhpw káKm-Ç-I-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-ª-fn-sem-ÐmWv ]pe-b-Ômºv v. háK-k-acw B{I-aWw am{X-am-sW-Ðpw, lnwk-bm-sWÐpw ]d-bp-Ð-há Ncn-{X-a-dn-bm-Ã-h-cm-Wv. lnwk Nqj-IsÒ amáK-am-Wv;Imem-Im-e-ambn kzÃpw A[n-Im-chpw \ne-\n-á-Ãp-Ð-Xn\v Abmç kzoI-cn-®-amáKw. CÐsà amÊy-a-ª-sfÐ t]mse, ]g-b-Im-esà Ncn-{Xhpw háK-k-a-c-sÃbpwhnÕ-h-sÃbpw BWv B{I-a-W-]-c-saÐv Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-|p-Ð-Xv. hnÕhw lnwk-bm-h-W-saÐv \náØ-Ï-an-sæ-Ðpw, Iem]w Fæm-bvt]mgpw lnwk-bm-sW-Ðm-t{Im-in-|p-Ð-há, kXysà aqSn-sh-|p-I-bm-sW-ÐptamáÛn-|-Ww. ASn-®-aáÃs]º- apËKman-I-fpsS HmáÛ-Iç Ab-hn-d-|p-tÚmç, tNmc Nph-|p-Ðp-sh-©nã AXv Ncn-{X-mhtijÃnsÒ KÏhpw cpNn-bp-am-bXv sIm¾m-Wv.( hmçºá s_³-anË). hnÕ-h-ª-ç hnap-~-bu-h-\-ÃnsÒ kz]v\-ª-sfm-Ðp-a-æ. Aª-s\-bm-sWÐv Nneá|v tXmÐn-bn-cp-sÐ-©n-epw.

]pe-b-Ôm-ºnhpw önXn adn-®-æ. ]pe-b-Ôm-ºnã a\p-jysc Iem-]-Ãn-te|v \bn-|p-ÐXv buh-\-kz-]v\-ª-f-æ. HmáÛ-I-fmWv; ]pen ad-¹-sXm-¾-®\pw Nnà-bn-|p-ºn-bp-am-Wv; Ah-cpsS ]nËKm-an-Itfm _Ïp-|tfm BWv. A[-ön-Xcpw ASn-®-aáÃ-sÔ-º-h-cp-am-W-há. Ah-cnã`q-cn-]-¢hpw kmaq-ln-I-hy-h-ön-Xn-bpsS ]¢-Ãm-Wv. AXnã sshcp-Êy-samÐpw ImWp-Ðnæ Ahá. Ahá|v hnizm-k-Ãn-tÒbpw BNm-c-Ãn-tÒbpw Iqºp-¾v. `mhn-sb-Ôân kz]v\w ImW-cp-sX-Ðpw, kz]v\w hnizm-k-ªç|pw BNm-c-ªç|pw FXn-cm-sWÐpw Ahá ]d-bpw. Bf-Ãmáam-{X-a-æ, Cuim-\Ë hmÊymáam-{X-a-æ, Id-Ô\pw Nncp-Xbpw \³-bp-saæmw CXv ]d-bpw. CtÐ|pw, hcm-\pè Fæm-Im-e-tÃ-|p-ap-èXv, hnizm-k-ªfpw BNm-c-ª-fpw(-a-X-ª-fpw)-\nátÉ-in-®p-sh-®n-ºp-¾v. AXv amâm-\æ ]pen-a-d¹ sXm¾-®Ë [o-c-Ir-Xy-ªç sNbvX-Xv, hm|v ]men®p Inºm-\m-Wv. KuX-a-\m-I-tº, Xe-hc amâmË XsÐ-bmWv Xp\n-¹-Xv. Ah-\m-h-tº, Nne-Ip-cp-Ã-t|-Sp-Iç|-Ôpdw [oc-Ir-Xy-ª-sfmÐpw sNbvXn-æ. AhË GI-e-hy-s\-tÔmse Hfn-¹n-cpÐv A¢-c-ªç ]Tn-®p. ]gb t{ZmWm-Nm-cy-cpsS kvt\l-]qáW-amb h³-\-sbm-Ðp-a-æ, Bf-Ãm-cpsS cq]-Ãn-epè `c-W-Iq-Shpw Cuim-\Ë hmÊym-cpsS cq]-Ãn-epè ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw sNbvXXv; Ahá KuX-as\ NX-®-c-®p.

hnÕ-h-Im-cn, ]t¢, kzbw Ac-bmË Xàm-d-æ. Abmç tXmev|p-Ðn-æ. Abmsf \in-Ôn-|m-\m-hpw, ]t¢, tXmev]n-|m-\m-hn-æ. Nnà-bn-|p-ºnbpw tXmâp-sIm-Sp-Ãn-æ. Bf-Ãmá hnSm-sX-bpè t\mº-ªç sIm¾v aen-\-am-|nb kzÌwkvX\-w apdn-s®-dn-¹p-sIm-¾-hç {]Xn-tj-[n-®p. XtÐm-SvX-sÐ-bm-bn-cpÐp lnwk. hnÕ-h-ÃnsÒ ss\káKn-I-amb Hcp {]Ir-X-am-Wn-Xv. hnÕ-h-Imcn BÇ-]o-V-G-âp-hm-ªp-I-bmWv sNàp-Ð-Xv. Ddp-Úns\ sImæmË aSn-bmhpw Abmç|v; FÐmã BÇ-_en ¢n{]-km-Êy-am-bn-cn-|p-Ibpw sNàpw. (hmçºás_-³-ansÒ Bá|-tbm-f-Pokv Hm^v Z ^yq-®á FÐ {KÍw km[n-|p-Ð-há hmbn-®p-t\m-|p-I).

(c-¾v)
am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ^e-]pjvSn
]pe-b-Ôm-ºnã \nd¹p \nev|pÐ am\-hn-I-X-bpsS \oscm-gp-|p-Iç\-ap|v \ntj[n|m-\m-hn-æ. Nncn-I-¾Ë\-Úym-cp-tSXv \nüw-K-am-\-hn-I-X-bm-sWÐv hcmw, ]mXn-cn-bp-tSXv aX-am-\-hn-I-X-bm-sWÐpw hcmw. ]cn-jvIr-X- k-aqlw KuX-a-t\mSv ImWn-|p-ÐXv hnim-e-am-\-hn-I-X-bm-Wv. am\-hn-I-X-bpsSsshhn-Êy-amáÐXe-ªç apIp-ÎË Cu IrXn-bn-ep-S-\ofw Bhn-jvI-cn-|p-Ðp-¾v. Cu am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ]ëm-Ãew {]Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. Imcn-|p-fsà ]®Ôm-S-ª-fm-WXv; ]nsÐ-bXv [áÛSw ]pg-hsc hnI-kn-|pÐp;
]nsÐ Ccp-ºnepw anÐmw-an-\p-ªp-I-fpsS {]Im-i-Ãnepw \n_n-UX hnSmà h\-ö-en-I-fn-ep-ambn \nd-bpÐp; \K-c-Zr-iy-ª-fm-hpÐp; sNdp-]o-Sn-I-Ifpw Xe-tî-cn-bnse t¢{X-{]-Xn-jvT-bp-am-hp-Ðp; KuX-asÒ bm{Xm-k-t©-X-ª-fm-hp-Ðp.
am\-hn-IX AáÄ-`m-c-apè Hcp ]Z-am-Wv; a\p-jysÒ aqeyw AwKo-I-cn-|-emhmw AXv; Asæ-©n-tem, ssZh-\n-tj-[-hp-amhmw; Nne-k-aq-l-ª-fnãam-\-hn-I-hm-Zn-sb-Ðmã \nco-iz-cË FÐm-WáÄw. ( sSdn CuKnçS½ Abáe-¾ns\ DZm-l-c-n-|p-Ðp-¾v). KuX-a-_p-ÊË Ch-c-¾p-am-bn-cpÐp; {io\mcm-b-WË Ch-c-¾p-am-bn-cpÐp. am\-hn-I-aq-ey-ªç DbáÃn-Ôn-Sn-|p-Ð-Xn-\m-bn, a\p-jyá|n-S-bn-epè hnizm-k-ªç|-\p-kr-X-amb Hcp ]ÊXn Ahá Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. CXn-\áÄw aXtam ssZhtam Dè am\-hn-I-hm-Zn-Iç Csæ-Ð-æ. KuX-as\ Imºnã\nÐv Is¾Spà ]mXncn Hcp ss{IkvX-h-am-\-hn-I-hm-Zn-bm-Wv. AXn-\áÄw am\-hn-IX ]qáW-ambn aX-\n-c-t]-¢-a-sæ-Ðm-Wv. aZásX-tc-ksb \mw GXv KW-Ãn-emWv s]Sp-ÃpI? Ah-cpsS am\-hn-IX k³-cn-|p-Ð-Xv, a\p-jys\ ssZh-ÃnsÒ {]Xnam-\-ambn k©-ev]n-®p-sIm-¾m-Wv.( sSdn CuKnçSÁnsÒ Human, All Too Human FÐ {]_-Ïw).
am\-hn-I-X-bpsS sshhn-Êy-ª-f-t\z-jn-|p-I-bmWv ]pe-b-Ôm-ºnã apIp-ÎË sNàp-Ð-Xv. Ah-km\w Hcp kÏn-bn-se-Ãn-t®-cp-I-bmWv apIp-ÎË. AXn-e-Ôpdw t]mhmË apIp-Î\v Ign-bp-saÐv RmË Icp-Xp-Ðn-æ. KuX-a-\nã KuX-a-_p-Ê-\p¾v; t]cn-ep-¾v, Dbn-cn-ep-ap¾v; CX-bmç Kucn-tbmSv ]d-bp-Ðp¾v. Awt_-ZvIá KuX-as\ kvt\ln-|p-Ibpw KuX-a_pÊs\ ssZhn-I-amb AÃm-Wn-bmbn kzoI-cn-|p-Ibpw Zen-X-e-¢-ª-fpsS tamN-\-Ãn\pw ka-Xz-Ãn-\p-apè {]Xo-I-ambn hcn-|p-I-bpw sNàp-Ðp. CXmWv kÏn. Cu kÏn Hcp {]Xn-k-Ïn-bm-hmsX t\m|-emWv CÐsà CÌyË Ah-ö-bnã sNàm-hp-ÐXv FÐ Hcp kay-IvZái\w Cu t\mh-en-ep-¾v.

(aqÐv)
Ncn-{X-ÃnsÒ ]nË_ew
-]peb-Ôm-ºnã At\Iw Ncn-{X-[m-c-Iç kwK-an-|p-Ðp-¾v. `qan-bnã( ]pe-bnã) ]Wn-sNbvXpw bmX-\-Iç XnÐpw Pohn-|pÐ ]pe-b-cpsS Ncn-{X-am-sWm-Ðv. ]pen-a-d-¹-sXm-¾-®-\m-W-h-cpsS {]mNo-\-_nw-_w. AhnsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-an-X-sÔºv t]msb-ÐmWv FsÒ tXmÐã. kXy-Ãnã ]pe-b-cm-hWatæm, Bbn-cn-|-W-a-tæm, Hcn-|-sem-cn-|-sem-cn-|ã Cu `qan-bp-sS, ]pe-bp-sS, Ah-Imin-Iç; Ata-cn-|-bnse CÌy-Ñm-sc-tÔm-se. ( Cu aÁv Rªç Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-|w- kn.-]n. A_q-_-|á- tZim-`n-am\n hmcn-I). Ahá ]máiz-h-XvI-cn-|-sÔ-Sp-I-bpw, ]gb {]m`-h-ÃnsÒ injvS-ambn sXm¾-®-Ñmá D¾m-hp-I-bpw, ]pXnb A[n-]-Xn-Iç Ahsc D]-tbm-K-sÔ-Sp-Ãp-Ibpw NXn-|p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-ÐmWv Ncn-{X-ÃnsÒ kzm`m-hn-I-K-Xn-bnã \ap|v a\-ün-em-hp-I. apIp-ÎË , ]t¢, ]pen-a-d-¹-sXm-¾-®-\nã XpS-ªp-I-bpw, KuX-a-\nã Ah-km-\n-Ôn-|p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sXm¾-®Ë bmZr-On-I-ambn ]pen-bmbn \nevt|¾n hcn-I-bm-Wp-¾m-b-Xv. KuX-a-\nepw, AXn-t\-|mç Nnà-bn-|p-ºn-bn-ep-amWv {]mNo-\-]p-e-bsÒ/ ]pe-bn-bpsS Po\p-Iç ktN-X-\-am-hp-Ð-Xv. Ahá Ccp-hcpw anÃnsÒ ankvân-^n-t|-j\v hnt[-b-am-hp-Ðp. Ncn-{X-ÃnsÒ ]p\áaq-ey-\náWbw \S-Ãm-hpÐ \sæmcp kmÊyX Cu t\mh-en\v D¾m-bn-cp-Ðp. Ata-cn-|m-hËI-c-bnse Zen-X-]-¢-F-gp-Ãp-Imá Cu km[yX hn]p-e-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-|p-Ðp-¾v. \yq tbmá|nã Ign¹ \qâm-¾nsÒ XpS|-Ãn-em-cw-`n-®-lmásew \thm-Äm-\-Ãn-sÒ(Harlem Renaissance) hnhn[-[m-c-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-WnXv \S-Ð-Xv. tkmdm \oã lgvkvâ-sW-tÔm-epè ( hn²m-\-ssI-c-fn- kn.-]n. A_q-_-|á) Fgp-Ãp-Imá Cu ]ëm-Ã-e-Ãn-emWv cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-Xv. Ah-cpsS Gâhpw Icp-Ãpè ]nËKman Benkv hm|á( tZim-`n-am\n hmcn-I- kn.-]n. A_q-_-|á) CÐpw cwKÃv kPo-h-am-bn-Ã-sÐ-bp-¾v.

Ncn-{Xsà hymJym-\n-|mË ]e-co-Xn-I-fp-¾v. A{I-an-I-fpsS ]¢Ãv \nÐpw, Cc-I-fpsS ]¢Ãv \nÐpw Ncn-{Xsà hymJym-\n-|mw. \ÛpsS an|-F-gp-Ãp-Imcpw amÊy-a-ªfpw A{I-an-I-fpsS hymJym-\-amWv kzoI-cn-|p-Ð-Xv. Ncn{Xw kzbw hymJym\¢a-am-sWÐpw ]d-bmw. ]t¢, Ncn-{X-Ãnã\nÐv Bá|pw c¢-sÔ-Sm-\m-hn-æ. AXp-sIm-¾mWv {io\m-cm-b-W-\p-¾m-hp-ÐXv; A®p-XË\m-bá|v\n-tj-[wA\nhmcyam-hp-ÐXv; Bf-Ãmá Ncn-{X-kvXw-`-\-ÃnsÒ inem-]n-WvU-am-hp-ÐXv; Ncn-{X-kvXw-`-\-tÃ-|mç amc-I-amb Hcp-tcm-Khpw kaq-lsà _m[n-|m-\n-æ. ]pe-b-Ôm-ºnã, s]mXp-hnã, P\-ªç Ncn-{Xsà hne-bn-cp-Ãp-Ðp¾v; sFXn-ly-ªsf hne-bn-cp-Ãp-Ibpw sFXn-ly-ªfmbn kzbw amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-¾mWv Zen-Xá CXv sNàp-ÐXv; hnZym-`ymkÃneqsS bmWv A®p-XË\m-bcpw KucnbpwCXv sNàp-ÐXv;BÇ-_-en-bneqsS-bm-WvNn-à-bn-|pºn CXv km[n-®Xv; ]T-\-Ãn-eqsS A[n-Im-c-öm--\-ªç IS-Ðp-sN-ÐmWv KuX-aË DCXv sNàp-ÐXv; \nb-a-\náÛmWw hgn-bmWv Awt_-ZvIá CXv sNàmË {ian-®Xv; kÏn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv KmÏnPnCXv sNbvXXv; Ncn-{X-ÃnsÒ Ah-Im-ihpw DÃ-c-hm-Zn-Ãhpw {]Jym-]n-|p-Ibpw]nSn-s®-Sp-|mË t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-¾mWv Iayq-Wn-kvâp-Imá CXv sNbvX-Xv. Cu Ncn-{X-aq-ey-\náW-b-amWv ]pe-b-Ôm-ºns\ CÌy-bpsS ka-{K-X-bmbn hfáÃp-Ð-Xv. ]pe-b-Ômºv FÐ t\mh-ensÒ Ncn-{X-öm-\hpw ChnsS ]cn-tim-[n-|m-hp-Ð-Xm-Wv. B[p-\n-I-X-bmWv Ncn-{X-Im-e-L-º-ª-fnã Gâhpw Imem-\p-kr-X-am-bn-cn-|p-ÐXv (up-to-date)FÐv sSdn CuKn纽 ]d-bp-Ðp-¾v. ]oâá tIm½dm-UnsÒ Modern Times, Modern Places FÐ{KÍw hne-bn-cp-Ãn-s|m-¾mWv AtÉlw C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. ]t¢, CXn-\áÄw apËIm-e-ªç AXmXv ImeÃv up-to-date Bbncp-Ðn-sæ-Ð-æ. \thm-Äm-\-Im-e-am-h-tº, ¡mkn-|p-I-fpsS Ime-am-h-tº, AXm-XnsÒ `qan-I-bnã up-to-date Bbncp-Ðncn|-Ww. B[p-\n-I-saÐpw B[p-\n-tIm-Ã-c-saÐpw kzbw te_-ã ]Xn-®p-sh®v, \mw CXv ad-®p-h-bv|p-I-bm-Wv. Hmtcm-Im-e-Ãn-\pw, ]t¢, Hcp-]-cm-[o-\-X-bp¾v: AXnsÒ A]-cym-]vX-X-Ifpw kmÊy-X-Ifpw ]qáW-am-b-dn-bmË B Ime-Ãn\v Ign-bn-æ. kXy-Ãnã Hmtcm-Im-ehpw Hcp kwkvIm-c-ssi-en-bmWv, Hcp-ev]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bm-Wv, Hcp ss[j-Wn-Im-h-ö-bm-Wv.Imew GsX-©nepw Iem-cq-]-ÃnsÒ krjvSn-b-æ, cmPm-hnsÒ B²-bp-a-æ. AsX, Fæm Imehpw B[p-\n-I-am-Wv.
káKm-Ç-I-X-bpè Fæm Fgp-Ãp-Im-cpw, aâp-a-\p-jy-sc-tÔm-se, `qX-Imew ]dn-s®-dn-bmË{i-an-|p-Ð-h-cm-Wv; Cu ]cn-{i-a-Ãnã , AháNcn-{Xsà inYn-e-am-|mË{i-an-®p-shÐv hcmw. ]t¢, Cu {]b-Xv\-ªç asâmcp Ncn-{X-L-º-Ãn-te-|pè {]th-i-ambn amdp-I-bmWv sNàp-I. apËIm-e-N-cn-{X-saæmw {]mIvN-cn-{X-ambn amdn-sbÐv apsÚm-cn-|ãamáIvkv ]d-¹p-sh-ÐXv icn-bmWv; AXv ]t¢, tIhew ssieo-]-c-am-b, Be-©m-cn-I-am-b, Hcp {]kvXm-h-am-bn-cn-|m-\mWv hgn. B[p-\n-I-X-sb-ÐXv Ncn-{Xsà háÃ-am-\-ambn aqey-\náWbw sNàpÐ coXn-bm-Wv. Ign¹ Imew \S-Ð-Xns\, FÌn-\v, Ign-¹-\n-anjw \S-Ð-Xns\ aáÉ-\-]-c-amb ]mc-Ú-cy-ambn(Oppressive Traditionalism) thW-sa-©nãNn{Xo-I-cn|mw. Cu aáÉ-\-]-c-amb ]mc-Ú-cy-w AÐsà B[p-\-n-I-X-bpsS \nb-a-am-sWÐv Icp-tX¾n hcp-saÐv am{Xw. AXm-b-Xv, AtÔmgpw , Bá|pw Ncn-{X-Ãnã\nÐv thdn-Sm-\m-hn-æ. GXv {^mËknkv ^p|p-bma hnNm-cn-®mepw AXv \S-Ôn-æ. Ncn{Xw Cæm-bva-sN-àm-\m-hn-æ.
AXv sIm¾mWv, apIp-ÎsÒ \ne-bn-epè Hsc-gp-Ãp-Im-cË Zen-X-]-¢Ãv \nÐv Fgp-XmË XpS-ªn-bn-cn-|p-Ð-Xv. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-ÃnsÒ Ah-iy-km-a-{Kn-Iç Fæmw ]pe-b-Ôm-ºnã-D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-ºp-¾v. CÌym-N-cn-{X-ÃnsÒ Nne-]máiz-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw Cu IrXn-bpsS `mK-ª-fmbn amdn-bn-ºp-¾v. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS XmWvU-h-Ãn-se-hn-sStbm \jvS-amb \thm-Äm-\-Ãn-te|v Hcp Xncn-®p-t]m-|mbn \ap-|n-Xns\ kzoI-cn-|mw. ]pXn-b-tem-I-ÃnsÒ krjvSn-|m-h-iy-amb Adnhv t\S-en-te|v ]pe-b-Ôm-ºv\sÛ \bn-|p-Ðp-¾v. _oânãkpw PoËkpw am{X-aæ \ÛpsSB[p-\n-I-X-sbÐpw \thm-Äm\bXv\w IqSn-bm-W-sXÐpw Fæm-há|p-a-dn-bmw. Ncn-{X-Ãn-sem-cn-S-Ãp-\n-Ðp-sImt¾ Ncn{Xw Xncp-Ãm-\pè {]háÃ\w \S-Ãm-h-\mhq. AXv sIm¾v Ncn{Xw Ah-km-\n-Ôn-|mË Bá|pw Ign-bn-æ. AXm-{K-ln-|p-Ð-há XnI¹ t^máa-enkvâv bmYm-ön-Xn-I-cm-Wv; kaq-l-Ãnã amâw hÐp-Im-Wm-\m-{K-ln-|m-Ã-h-cm-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, Ncn{Xw Xncp-Ãp-hmt\ Ign-bq, AXv kaq-l-am-â-Ãn-eqsS am{Xta Ign-bq. AXn-\pè D]m-[n-I-fm-h-tº, Ncn-{X-Ãnã\nÐv kzoI-cn-|p-Itb \náhm-l-ap-èq. Hcp ]t¢, `qX-Im-esà amâp-hm-\pè \ÛpsS bXv\-ªsf cq]-sÔ-Sp-Ãp-ÐXpw Ncn-{X-am-hp-Ðp. B[p-\n-I-X-bv|v, F|m-e-Ãp-apè khn-ti-j-X, apËIm-esà At]-¢n-®v, , `c-W-Iq-S-kz-`m-h-Ãn-epw, sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bnepw AXv hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-|p-sa-Ð-Xm-Wv; AXv IqSp-Xã P\m-`n-ap-J-am-sW-Ð-Xm-Wv. KuX-a-_p-Ê\pw KuX-a\pw XÛn-epè AÌcw Cu hkvXp-X-bn-eqsSbmWv \mw t\m|n-|m-tW-¾-Xv.

(\m-ev)
cN-\-bpsS háÃ-am\w
]pe-b-Ômºv cNn-|m-\p¾mb kml-Ncyw Bap-J-Ãnã ap-Ip-ÎË hni-Zo-I-cn-|p-Ðp-¾v. DÃ-tc-Ìy-bnã, \K-c-ª-fnã t]mepw, CtÔmgpw \ne-\n-ev|pÐ ISpà sFÃhnNm-c-ÃnsÒ Zriy-ªç ImWm-\n-S-bmb ISpà A\p-`-h-ª-fnã \nÐmWv Zen-X-\-æmà XmË Zen-Xsc Ôân Fgp-Xn-b-sXÐv AtÉlw ]d-bp-Ðp. a\p-kvarXn tIhew Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hym-tam-l-ambn CÐsà tIc-fo-bá|v tXmÐmw. cmPy-\o-Xn-bpsS Fæm taJ-e-I-fnepw a\p-kvarXn \S-Ôn-ep-¾m-bn-cp-Ðn-sæÐpw hcmw. ]t¢, AXv `oj-W-amb Hcp {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw XsÐ-bm-Wv. Cu Adn-hnhv \nÐmA ]pe-b-Ôm-ºnsÒ cN\ Bhná-`hn-|p-Ð-Xv.
]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb kw`-h-ªç Htc ka-bÃv BJym\w sNàp-I-sb-Ð-co-Xn-bmWv Cu t\mh-enã Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-|p-Ð-Xv. CXv, Ime-ÃnsÒ Gâhpw apJy-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ]ëm-Ã-e-Ãnã IY-]-d-bmË IYm-Im-cs\ klm-bn-|p-Ðp. Imew Fgp-Ãp-Im-csÒ ssIÔn-Sn-bnã\n-ev|pÐp; `h-XvIm-e-tÃ-|mç( háÃ-am-\-Im-ew)-im-iz-X-ambn asâm-Ðp-an-æ. “Cu\nanjw”BWv FtÔmgpw \ne-\n-ev|p-Ð-Xv. “To seize time is to find that nothing is more eternal than nowness” FÐv sSdn CuKnçS½]d-bp-ÐXv CubáÄ-Ãn-em-Wv. KuX-a-_p-Ê\pw ]pen-a-d¹ sXm¾-®\pw Awt_-ZvIdpw KmÏn-Pnbpw Nnà-bn-|p-ºnbpw Kucnbpw Bf-Ãmdpw A®p-XËamjpw IrjvW-Ôn-èbpw {im\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cphpw Fæmw háÃ-am-\-Im-e-ÃmWv Pohn-|p-Ð-Xv. Ah-cpsS “Cu\nanj”Ã#nem-W-h-cpsS PohnXw. Hmtcm \nan-jhpw ASpà \nan-j-Ãn-te|v NmSp-Ðp. Ign-¹-\n-an-j-Ãn-sÒbpw hcm-\n-cn-|pÐ \nan-j-Ãn-tÒbpw kwK-a-öm-\-amWv “Cu\nanjw”. Cu Nmº-ªç, IY-bn-em-hp-tÚmç, Nne-tÔmç, \qâm-¾p-Iç|-Ôp-d-tÃt|m CÔp-d-tÃt|m Bhp-Ðp-¾v. AXv Fgp-Ãp-Im-csÒsSIv\n-|m-Wv. \nanjw asâm-Ðn-te|v amdpÐ emL-h-Ãnã kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-ºm-Wv CXv kw`-hn-|p-Ð-Xv. CXns\ klm-bn-|pÐ Xc-Ãnã efn-Xhpw kp{K-l-hp-amWv ]pe-b-Ôm-ºnse `mj. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Imesà BÇ-c-Xn-bn-te|v Cu t\mhã Hºpw IS-Ðp-t]m-hp-Ðn-æ. “CÐp`m-j-bn-X-]qáW-an-ªtlm ” FÐphne-]n® Ipam-c-\m-imËt]mepw XsÒ cN\ kp{K-l-am-|mË{i-an-®n-cp-Ðp-sh-©n-epw, AtX ]cn-tZ-h\w \S-Ãnb an|-B-[p-\n-Icpw `mj-bpsS IkáÃp-I-fnã A`n-c-an-|p-Ibpw kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-ÃnsÒ {]iv\-k-l-{k-ªç \ncm-I-cn-|p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hmb-\-|m-c\v Fgp-Ãp-Im-cs\ a\-ün-em-|mË Ign-bm-Xm-bn. GsX-©nepwcN-\-bpsS BÇm-h-t\z-jn®v bm{X-b-mhpÐ hmb-\-|m-csËd apÐnã \ncq-]-I-{]-am-Wn-amá “t\Xn, t\Xn”FÐv hne-ªn-\n-Ðp. cq]w am{X-ambn {]iv\w. cq]-Ãn-\mbn Dè-S-|sà Gsd-|psd ]qáW-ambn \ncm-I-cn-®-F-gp-Ãp-Im-cpsS Iqº-Ãnã hfsc sNdn-sbmcp Imew apIp-Î-\p-ap-¾m-bn-cptÐm? CXm-h-tº, kmaq-ln-I---cm-jv{So-b-{]-iv\-ª-fnã bmYm-ön-Xn-I-cpsS apËssI|v CS-bm-|n. ]e B[p-\nI Fgp-Ãp-Imcpw ^mjn-k-hp-am-bn-tÔmepw ssI tImáÃp ]nSn-|mË kÐ-Ê-cm-bn. F{km-]u-¾v, tbâvkv XpS-ªn-b-h-cpsS cq]-inev]w am{X-a-ætæmsIm¾m-S-sÔ-ºXv!
ChnsS t\mh-ensÒ ( s]mXp-hnã kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-bp-sS), cq]-`mh-ªsf kw_-Ïn® {]iv\-Ãnã \mw hsÐ-Ãp-I-bm-Wv. dmã^v t^mIvkv XsÒ hnJym-X-amb “Novel And The People” FÐIrXn-bnã Fgp-XpÐp:””Form is produced by content, is identical and one with it, and, though the primacy is on the side of the cont, form reacts on content and never remains passive”. DèS|amWv cq]sà krjvSn-|p-Ð-sX-©nepw c¾pw A`n-Ð-am-Wv; F©nepw Dè-S-|-Ãn\v {]mY-ay-ap¾v. FÐmã cq]w tIhew Hcp IáÛ-Wn-{]-tbm-K-a-æ, adn®v AXv `mh-Ãn-tÑã {]Xn-I-cn-|p-Ðp-¾v. `mh-Ãn-s\-Ð-t]mse cq]-Ãn\pw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Dev]-Ãnbpw hfá®-bp-ap-s¾-Ðm-Wtæm CXn-\áÄw. Ncn-{X-ÃnsÒ sshcp-Êym-Ç-I-X-bn-eqsS cq]w hf-cp-I-bm-Wv; Dè-S-|hpw hf-cp-I-bm-Wv.
]pe-b-Ôm-ºn-sÒ-cq-]-hpw Dè-S-|hpw ]cn-tim-[n-|p-tÚmç CXv hy~-amh-hp-Ðp¾v; c¾pw Hc-kvXn-Xz-ÃnsÒ Ahn-`m-Py-`m-K-ª-fm-Wv. Zfn-X-cpsS IY-bm-W-Xv. PmXo-b-X-bvs|-Xn-cm-b, kl-{km-_vZ-ªç \o¾p \nÐ Bi-b-k-a-c-Ãn-sÒ-bpw, ZpáØ-e-{]-Xn-tj-[-ª-fp-tS-bpw, ss[j-Wn-I-ap-tÐ-â-ª-fp-tS-bpw, ZrV-amb t]mcm-º-ª-fp-tSbpw IY-bm-W-Xv. B t\mhensÒ hmb-\-|m-c\v AXnsÒ IYbpw cq]hpw HÐv XsÐ-bm-Wv. ]t¢, ChnsS kuÎ-cy-imkv{Xw cwK-{]-thiw sNàp-Ðp; AXn\v hnaáim-Ç-I-amb Hcp LS-I-ap-¾v; Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcp LS-I-hp-ap¾v; hnaái-kn-Êm-Ì-ª-fp-tS-bpw, Ncn-{X-kn-Êm-Ì-ª-fp-tSbpw ]ëm-Ã-e-Ãnã, cq]-`m-h-ª-fpsS ka-\zbw DNn-X-amb A\p-]m-X-Ãn-emtWm FÐ ]cn-tim-[-\-bp-¾m-hp-Ðp. ]pe-b-Ôm-ºnsÒ cN-\-bnã Cu HuNnXyw ]men-|-sÔ-ºn-ºp-¾v. tXmºnË Ic-bnse CSn¹ Iep-©n-en-cn-|pÐ KuX-asÒ háW-\-bn-em-cw-`n-®v, ”¢oWnX-\mb Hcp hrÊË kmc-\m-Ynse ]pcm-X-\-amb hoYn-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw, t_m[-K-b-bnse hr¢-Om-b-I-fn-eq-sSbpw GIm-In-bmbn \S-Ðp-t]m-hp-ÐXv I¾p. ]nÐoSv Abmç|v FÌp kw`-hn-®p-shÐv Bá|pw Adn-bn-æ....” FÐhkm-\n-|p-ÐXv hsc Cu kÌp-e\w apIp-ÎË ]men-®n-ºp-¾v.
Akv]r-iy-\mb KuX-aË ]pe-bËcmjv{S-]-Xn-bmbn hf-cpÐ s]cpwNmº-Ãn-\n-S-bnse IpdpwNmº-ªfpw IpXn-Ôp-Ifpw , Nne-tÔmç InX-Ôp-Ifpw , Hmtcm AÊym-b-Ãnepw Bhn-jvI-cn-|p-Ðp. ]pe-b-cpsS {]W-bhpw IcpÃpw ZuáØ-eyªfpw HuNn-Xy-]qáW-amb hm|p-I-fnã hn-h-cn-|p-Ðp. HÔw KuX-a-_p-Ê-tÒbpw {io\m-cm-b-W-tÒbpw KmÏn-Pn-bp-tSbpw Awt_-ZvI-dp-tS-bpw-amáIvkn-tÒbpw Zái-\-ª-fpsS ka-\z-b-saÐ XsÒ CjvS-e¢yw hmb-\-|m-cn-te|vkw{I-an-Ôn-|m-Ë t\mh-en-kvân\v Ign-bp-Ðp. Fæm alm-c-N-\-I-fp-tSbpw e¢yw Cªn-s\-sbmcp aqey-t_m[w hfáÃp-I-sb-Ð-Xm-Wv. alm-`m-c-X-saÐ CXn-lmkÃn\pw bpÊhpw kam-[m-\-hp-saÐ t\mh-en\pw Fæmw Cu e¢y-ap-¾v. ]pe-b-Ôm-ºnse Cu e¢yw \thm-Äm-\-Ãn-se-Ãn-\n-ev|p-Ðp. \thm-Äm-\-aq-ey-ªç ]msS [zwkn-|-sÔ-SpÐ CÐsà CÌy-\-h-ö-bnã A\n-hm-cy-am-sbmcp ZuXy-am-Wn-Xv.

( A³v)
e¢y-t_m[w
bph-C-dm-\n-bË Fgp-Ãp-Imcn adnbw Bem AwPZn km-ln-Xy-ÃnsÒ Gâhpw \æ amXr-I-sb-Ôân ]d-bp-Ðp¾v: ”RmË Icp-Xp-ÐXv \ÛpsS BZysà Gâhpw icn-bmb Ihn Bbn-c-sÃmÐv cmhp-I-fnse jlákm-Z-bm-sW-Ðm-Wv. Ah-sc-Ôân \mw hmbn-|p-ÐXv Ihn-X-b-sæ-©nep Gâhpw {]Xo-Im-ÇI-amb coXn-bnã Ah-cm-WvPo-hn-X-ÃnsÒ kXy-k-Ï-bmb BJym-Xm-hv. Ah-cp-tSXv Bh-iy-Ãn-tÒbpw HmP-ün-tÒbpw kmln-Xy-am-bn-cp-Ðp. Hmtcm cm{Xnbpw Gâhpw hn{`m-a-I-amb IY-Iç Pohn-X-Ãnã\nÐv Na-s®-Sp-t|-¾-Xv-A-há|v Poh-Ñ-c-W-{]-iv\-am-bn-cp-Ðp. ..... Ah-cnã\n-sÐm-gp-Inb IY-Iç Pohn-X-ÃnsÒ AÔhpw \oºn-|n-ºnb Pohn-X-hp-am-bn-cp-Ðp. IY XS-ü-sÔ-ºmã h-\y-amb ac-W-iq-\y-X-bn-te|v Ahá Ab-|-sÔ-Spw. jlákmZ Pohn-X-Ãnã kXy-ambn hniz-kn-®n-cpÐp;Pohn-Xsà Ahá Adn-¹n-cp-Ðp, Bkz-Zn-®n-cpÐp; AYhm Pohn-X-ÃnsÒ Bkzm-ZyX Ahá|-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-Ðp. PohnXw Bh-iy-am-Wv, el-cn-b-æ. el-cn-sb-Ð-Xv, ASn-aÃw FÐ-Xv, FtÔmgpw \nª-fnã ]ân \nev|pÐ FtÌm HÐmWv; Bh-iy-am-h-tº, \nª-sf-tÔmgpw tXSn-s|m-¾n-cn-|pÐ HÐmWv; \nª-fpsS {]hr-Ãn-bpsS Pb-]-cm-P-b-ªç FÌm-bm-epw. FÐmã CXv IY-bpsS Hcp hiw am{X-am-Wv.aâp-]e coXnIfnepw jlákmZ al-Xn-bm-Wv-. A-há hmKvZ-Ã-`q-an-bpsS {]hm-Nn-I-bm-Wv.-hm-KvZ-Ã-`q-an-bpsS AÆp-Xhpw kuÎ-cyhpw {]-im-Ìn-bp-am-W-há BJym\w sNàp-Ð-Xv. Ahç\-ÛpsS Npa-enã Xºn-bnºv ]d-bp-Ðp: tlbv, kam-[m-\-am-bn-cn-|q, Hcp \æ Zn\w hcpw. Fªn-s\-bmWv Ah-fnXv sNàp-ÐXv? Bbn-cm-asà cm{Xnbnã ZpjvS-\mb jl-cn-bmácmPm-hns\ Ahç ]qáW-ambn ]cn-háÃ\w sNbvXp; AÐp-hsc hniz-kn-®n-ºn-æmà Fæm-ânepw Abmç|v hnizm-k-am-bn. kuÎ-cyw, a\-ü-am-[m-\w, kvt\lw XpS-ªn, Pohn-X-Ãn\v AáÄw \evIpÐ AKm-[-amb Bi-b-ªç Abmç Dçs|m-¾p. kmlnXyw sIm¾pw ¢am-i-~n-sIm-¾p-amWv jlákmZ Cu kuÎ-cy-ªç Abm-fnã ]p\á±-\n-Ôn-|p-Ð-Xv. ..........-km-ln-Xy-ÃnsÒ i~n hgn-bmWv Ah-fnXv km[n-®-Xv. Adnhv ]I-cm\pw tNmZyw sNàm\pw kzoI-cn-|m\pw Pohn-Xsà kvt\ln-|m-\p-apè {]Xn-_-ÊX krjvSn-|mËkm-ln-Xy-Ãn\v Ign-b-Ww.-j-l-dn-bm-cnsÒ a\-ünse Ipºnsb jlákm-Z-bnse AÛ ]mã sImSpÃv hfáÃp-I-bmWv; Abm-fnse `oXn-Isf Ahç AI-âp-Ðp.; Abmç|v imÌnbpw kvt\lhpw \evIp-Ðp. GXv Ihn|pw \æ Pohn-X-Nn-{XWw \S-Ãm-\m-hpw, Hcp dntÔmáºá hkvXp-X-Iç ]d-bpÐ t]mse. FÐmã Fæm Ihn-Ifpw tNmZyw sNàp-Ðn-æ, shæp-hn-fn-|p-Ðn-æ, Pohn-X-kvt\lw P\n-Ôn-|p-Ðn-æ. ....”

]pe-b-Ômºv Cusbmcp [áÛw \náh-ln-|p-Ðpt¾m FÐ ]cn-tim-[-\-bm-Wn-hnsS \S-Ãn-b-Xv. Zfn-X-cmb Fgp-Ãp-Imá Ah-cpsS kzÌw IY-Iç Fgp-Xn-bn-ºp-¾v. Zfn-X-\-æmà apIp-ÎË tIhew Zfn-X-I-Y-bæ Fgp-Xp-Ð-Xv. CÌyË Zfn-Xm-h-ösb tIc-fo-b-amb ]ëm-Ã-e-Ãnã, CÌym Ncn-{X-Ãn-tÒbpw hSs| ae-_m-dn-tÒbpw kao-]-Im-e-N-cn-{X-ÃnsÒ ]ëm-e-Ãnã Fgp-Xp-I-bmWv apIp-ÎË sNàp-Ð-Xv. jlákm-Zbv|v kmlnXyw Poh-Ñ-c-W-{]-iv\-am-bn-cp-ÐXv t]mse, apIp-Î\v Zfn-Xm-hö Poh-Ñ-c-W-{]-iv\-am-h-W-sa-Ðn-æ. ]t¢, GI-Po-hn-Xm-\-iz-c-Km-\-am-e-]n-|pÐ Hcp a\p-jy-I-Ym\pKmbn FÐ \ne-bnã, kÚqáW-\m-i-Ãn-s\-Xn-sc-Hcp kaq-lsà DXv_p-Ê-cm-|mË, IÁm-Sn-bn-æm-sX, apJw ImWmsX Ign¹p hÐn-cp-Ð-A-há|v IÁm-Sn-bmbn cNn-®-XmWv ]pe-b-Ôm-ºv. AXv DWáÃp-]m-ºm-Wv. kzÌw `qan-bpsS i_vZw tIç|p-tÚmç, sNfn-bnã _pã_p-Z-ª-ç am{X-a-æ, a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-ª-fnse \na-{Ì-W-ªfpw kz]v\-ªfpw {]Xym-i-Ifpw DbáÃpÐ teme-\m-Z-ªfpw Ah-cpsS COm-i-~n-bn-ep-b-cpÐ ZrV-i-_vZ-ªfpw tIçÔn-|p-I-bmWv Fgp-Ãp-Im-cËe-¢y-am-|p-Ð-Xv. B e¢yw kmáÄ-I-am-hpÐ t\mh-emWv ]pe-b-Ôm-ºv.